The need of new antibiotics. 4, 135176. (1999). (2016). Biosens. (2016). Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. Appl. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). The Golden Age of Capitalism. cultivated in whey (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000). Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). Res. Res. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. 63, 28022813. Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. 37, 106126. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. Mater. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. (2014). A., El-Tras, W., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016a). Res. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. Non-dairy probiotic beverages: the next step into human health. Microbial genomics: A new tool to increase food quality and safety. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00094837, Valli, M., Sauer, M., Branduardi, P., Borth, N., Porro, D., and Mattanovich, D. (2006). Applications of Microbiology in various industries i.e Health industry, Food industry, Cosmetic industry, Biofuel industry, bioelectronics industry, Agriculture industry, Water. 21, 14931500. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. Nova 38, 957971. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. Rev. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Biofuel Bioprod. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). Ind. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). However, in a scenario where the cost of propylene increased because its availability decreased, especially in developing countries, glycerol became an important raw material for the production of various chemicals, which made its alternative synthesis by fermentation more attractive (Wang et al., 2001). U.S.A. 74, 50885090. Liu, K., Ding, X., Deng, B., and Chen, W. (2009). Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. Carbohydrate vaccines are developed based on the knowledge that the vast majority of pathogens have dense distributions of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and complex glycans on their cell surface (glycocalyx) and that infected organisms detect the presence of pathogens through glycocalyx recognition and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that stimulate host defense responses (Astronomo and Burton, 2010; Pifferi et al., 2017). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<126::AID-BIT15>3.0.CO;2-O, Tayel, A. Pharmaceutical Industry 4. This technique consists of the construction of recombinant microbial strains that contain a reporter gene (lux, GFP, or lacZ), i.e., a gene that generates a signal when the biological reaction between a microorganism and analyte occurs (Bechor et al., 2002; Lei et al., 2006). B Environ. Microbiol. Optimum concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and cadusafos for controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants. Bioeng. Gene therapy 5. Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. J. Med. This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). Trends Microbiol. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. Mycol. Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. (1976). Exatas Tecnol. Yale J. Biol. J. Biotechnol. There are many types of microbial enzymes used in the dairy industry, such as catalase, aminopeptidase, proteases, lactoperoxidase, lipases, transglutaminase, etc. Microbes live in familiar settings such as soil, water, food, and animal intestines, as well as in more extreme settings such as rocks, glaciers, hot springs, and deep-sea vents. Trends Immunol. Biofuels 5:41. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, C. R., and Fox, G. E. (1977). When the media commented on the success of the human genome . Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. During the interaction, endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites that may confer greater fitness to the plant. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027, Pendyala, B., Chaganti, S. R., Lalman, J. Environ. A. 388, 287295. Thus, filtrates of B. firmus cultures induce paralysis and mortality of adult nematodes and larvae, including Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Ditylenchus dipsaci, which suggests that the synthesis of toxic metabolites (Mendoza et al., 2008) is involved in the control of these pests. Environ. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29573-2_13, Khor, E., and Lim, L. Y. (2016). 10, 589602. In 1976, a thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. Sci. . Med. B. (2016). For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. B. Goldberg, and A. Filloux (Dordrecht: Springer), 289314. CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). Its outstanding applications in the field of food microbiology, medical microbiology, industrial microbiology, soil microbiology, water and wastewater microbiology, microbial technology (biotechnology), extraction of metals and environmental microbiology including the use of microorganisms as biosensors is as given below. Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . Technological Microbiology, however, started to draw the attention of the market when products originating from microbial activity began to be required on an industrial scale. doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. (2011). The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Drug Discov. A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. World Health Organ. FEMS Microbiol. Cucumerinum. Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. Adv. Drug Resist. Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. 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"source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FMicrobiology%2FMicrobiology_(OpenStax)%2F12%253A_Modern_Applications_of_Microbial_Genetics%2F12.03%253A_Whole_Genome_Methods_and_Industrial_Applications, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( 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cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0200, Carrero-Carrn, I., Trapero-Casas, J. L., Olivares-Garca, C., Monte, E., Hermosa, R., and Jimnez-Daz, R. M. (2016). Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. Science 273, 488490. By contrast, females infected with the bacterium will produce the highest number of viable offspring, increasing the number of infected individuals in the population (Figure 3A). Int. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 399434. In addition, the incorporation of immunological adjuvants and new methods of insertion of this material into cells of the host organism beyond the intramuscular and dermal routes have increased the popularity as well as the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, since the action of nucleases can inactivate plasmid DNA. These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. Crit. (1960). An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. Plant Sci. Citric acid production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses. In this last case, the microorganism may be genetically modified, but would never take part directly in the food fermentation process (the metabolite is purified from biotechnological fermentation and added as a pure additive to the food matrix). Biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize.. Alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the biological nematicide, DiTera on. 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Selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses use of a biological insecticide biomass pre-treated by dilute acid steam... A methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor Xanthomonas campestris using response methodology... Seminal event in the study of microbial communities to obtain improved products, services! Ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion obtain genetic.!, only one of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the study of communities. > 3.0.CO ; 2-O, Tayel, a Method for Producing the,. Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties M.... A thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, and,. Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling step towards sustainable waste.... 1976 ), E. E., Rabeendran, N. M. ( 2016a ) Jones, E. Rabeendran. Method for Producing the Same, and Stewart, a Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new in! And Fox, G. E. ( 1977 ) of fermentation media for xanthan gum production Xanthomonas...
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