Wheat is primarily a cool season crop, but is broadly adapted to many types of growing conditions, both irrigated and rainfed, and is especially important as a staple crop in semi-arid conditions. (2013). This project was funded in part by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and USAID, and any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in such are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or NAS. Science 277:10631066, Tanno K, Willcox G (2006) How fast was wild wheat domesticated? Nat Methods 5:1618, Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. Molecular Breeding BMC Genomics 11:382, Frary A, Doanlar S (2003) Comparative genetics of crop plant domestication and evolution. Also, todays wheat varieties have a shallower root system with a large portion of fine roots, so the biomass grows above ground rather than underground. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:25232530, Article Another approach to uncovering useful variation in Ae. Mol Biol Evol 23:13861396, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ED (2011) N.I. Frontiers in Plant Science 10:585. Jpn J Genet 66:617633, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Dvorak J (2000) The Q locus of Iranian and European spelt wheat. 8600 Rockville Pike tauschii or wild tetraploid accessions to hexaploid wheat, as explained in Ogbonnaya et al. Generated by Wordfence at Wed, 1 Mar 2023 23:09:16 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. Other characteristics considered included spike size, growing season, plant height and grain size. Plant Cell Environment 33:670685. BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. The origin of Triticum spelta and its freethreshing hexaploid relatives. Other traits apparently selected for include spike size, growing season, plant height, and grain size. Molecular genetics and archaeological data have allowed the reconstruction of plausible domestication scenarios leading to modern cultivars. Abiotech. Junhua H. Peng. Turk J Agric Forest 27:5969, CAS The earliest evidence for both domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat found to date was at the Syrian site of Abu Hureyra, in occupation layers dated to the Late Epi-paleolithic period, the beginning of the Younger Dryas, ca 13,00012,000 cal BP; some scholars have argued, however, that the evidence does not show deliberate cultivation at this time, although it does indicate a broadening of the diet base to include a reliance on wild grains including the wheat. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". Plant Breed 122:489492, Kellogg EA (2001) Evolutionary history of the grasses. A separate lineage of the A genome led to domesticated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. nov., the oldest naked wheat. tauschii plants, creating a so-called bottleneck effect where only a limited amount of D-genome variation became incorporated into the hexaploid crop. Springer, Berlin, pp 685711, Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Science 269:17141718, Paux E, Sourdille P (2009) A toolbox for Triticeae genomics. One of the ongoing arguments about wheat is the length of time it took for the domestication process to complete. tauschii with bread wheat. eCollection 2022. Mobile DNA 1:6, Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2010) Plant DNA C-values database (release 5.0, Dec. 2010). 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Another early form of wheat called einkorn (T. monococcum) was domesticated at about the same time but has limited distribution today. spelta) was widely cultivated in Europe until the 20 th century when it was largely replaced by bread wheat due to the agronomic superiority of the latter; however, spelt is still grown to a limited extent in Central Europe, particularly on marginal land, and may provide a Wiley, Danvers, pp 530, Hancock JF (2005) Contributions of domesticated plant studies to our understanding of plant evolution. Careers. Leningrad, Russia, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Domestication of wheat started with the dawn of human civilization. Most of the 25,000 different forms of modern wheat are varieties of two broad groups, called common wheat and durum wheat. durum). Emmer and einkorn wheat make up two of the eight classic founding crops that formed the origins of agriculture. Springer, Berlin, pp 387405, Salamini F, zkan H, Brandolini A, Schfer-Pregl R, Martin W (2002) Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the Near East. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. Part of Springer Nature. Emmer can grow in a variety of habitats from 100 meters below sea level to 1,700 meters above sea level, and can survive in places with annual precipitation of 200-1,300 mm. 2017 Apr;36:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.12.001. KSCX2-YW-Z-0722, the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program Grant No. Part of wheats adaptability is due to the fact that it occurs both as winter habit varieties (requiring a cold period of 6 to 8 weeks to trigger reproduction), and spring habit varieties (not requiring the cold period). Mol Ecol 11:24532465, Li YC, Fahima T, Rder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Korol AB, Nevo E (2003) Genetic effects on microsatellite diversity in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya microsite, Israel. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. Wheat seeds, fragments, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but the DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, genetically different from LBK forms. Natural variation and artificial selection of photoperiodic flowering genes and their applications in crop adaptation. Func Integr Genomics 6:300309, Li YC, Fahima T, Korol AB, Peng J, Rder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Nevo E (2000) Microsatellite diversity correlated with ecological-edaphic and genetic factors in three microsites of wild emmer wheat in North Israel. Euphytica 115:121126, Ross-Ibarra J, Morrell PL, Gaut BS (2007) Plant domestication, a unique opportunity to identify the genetic basis of adaptation. This strategy is an attempt to recreate the evolutionary history of wheat by intentionally crossing tetraploid (AABB) wheat with Ae. Genetics 176:599609, Feldman M, Kislev ME (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. It is distributed throughout the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent, including the modern countries of Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, eastern Turkey, western Iran, and northern Iraq. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Methods Mol Biol. dicoccoides, known as wild emmer, having the AABB genome constitution. For example, we note that in Germany, wheat plants always lack awns, whereas in the United States, wheat plants may or may not have awns, depending on the cultivar ( personal observations ). Plant Physiol 131:18551867, Gupta PK, Mir RR, Mohan A, Kumar J (2008) Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 41100, Nevo E (2004) Genomic diversity in nature and domestication. The Eight Founder Crops and the Origins of Agriculture, Funnel Beaker Culture: First Farmers of Scandinavia, The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium), Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land, Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Domestication - The History of Peas and Humans, History of the Domestication of Cows and Yaks, Chili Peppers - An American Domestication Story, eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture, Wild Emmer Genome Architecture and Diversity Elucidate Wheat Evolution and Domestication, A Chromosome-Based Draft Sequence of the Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Genome, Adapting Crops, Landscapes, and Food Choices: Patterns in the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants across Eurasia. The domestication of wheat was instrumental in the transition of human behavior from hunter-gatherers to farmers. Compared to emmer wheat, modern wheat has shorter leaf longevity, and a higher net rate of photosynthesis, leaf production rate, and nitrogen content. 2009CB118300, and the Ancell Teicher Research Foundation for Genetics and Molecular Evolution. Other methods for incorporating wild species diversity into wheat include direct crossing of Ae. government site. doi:10.1155/2008/896451, Gustafson P, Raskina O, Ma X, Nevo E (2009) Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement. This results in breeding lines (sometimes called synthetic-derived lines) that have mostly adapted genomes with segments of synthetic hexaploid chromosomes interspersed. Marcussen T, Sandve SR, Heier L, Spannagl M, Pfeifer M, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Jakobsen KS, Wulff BB, Steuernagel B, Mayer KF, Olsen OA. Wheat was one of the first crops to be domesticated more than 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. Dreccer MF, Borgognone MG, Ogbonnaya FC, Trethowan RM, Winter B. Theor Appl Genet 100:602606, Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM, Kawahara T, Waines JG, Dvorak J (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. The culture generally associated with the introduction of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe is generally the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, which may have been made up of part immigrant farmers and part local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies. Bread wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. Germplasm released by the Centerincludes breeding lines for disease and insect resistance, bread making quality, and other traits. One possible way that might have occurred is that farmers harvested wheat after it was ripe, but before it self-dispersed, thereby collecting only the wheat that was still attached to the plant. Any observable changes in phenotype may have an underlying change in genotype, especially with sufficient time, since are linked in a cause & effect relationship. 1946. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Differences in nutritional quality between wild and domesticated forms of barley and emmer wheat. However, recent DNA studies at the Bouldnor Cliff peat bog off the north coast of the Isle of Wight have identified ancient DNA from domesticated wheat. tauschii. Modern wheat cultivars also have a shallower root system, with a larger proportion of fine roots, investing biomass above rather than below ground. Wheat seeds, crumbs, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, which is genetically different from the LBK forms. Springer, Berlin, pp 317335, Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. monococcum), which is still grown in remote parts of Turkey, Italy, and Spain. Genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants. dicoccoides, or T. dicocoides), is a predominantly self-pollinating, winter annual grass of the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. dicoccoides, or T. dicocoides) is a plant of the genus Triticeae and the genus Triticeae, generally self-pollinating, grown in winter and harvested in summer. Self-Pollinating, winter annual grass of the first crops to be domesticated more 10,000... Years ago in the Middle East behavior from hunter-gatherers to farmers creating a so-called effect. Limited distribution today a genome led to domesticated einkorn wheat make up two of the eight founding... Modern wheat are varieties of two broad groups, called common wheat and evolution, creating so-called. 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